What you need to know about rheumatoid arthritis

Question: What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. In RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium—the lining of the joints—causing inflammation, pain, swelling, and eventually joint damage. Over time, this can lead to loss of joint function and deformity. RA typically affects both sides of the body and often involves the smaller joints of the hands, feet, and wrists.

Question: What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The exact cause of RA is unknown, but it stems from an abnormal immune response. Contributing factors may include genetics, environmental triggers (like smoking or infections), and hormonal changes. People with a family history of RA are at higher risk, and the condition is more common in women, typically developing between the ages of 30 and 60.

Question: What are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Common symptoms include swelling and pain in the small joints of the hands and feet, and morning stiffness lasting more than one hour that improves with movement. RA may also cause systemic symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, and weight loss. Persistent symptoms lasting more than six weeks may indicate chronic inflammation. Diagnosis usually involves a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging such as X-rays or MRIs.

Question: What are common treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Treatment aims to manage symptoms and slow disease progression. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine are typically the first line of treatment. If these are not effective, biologic agents—newer types of DMARDs—may be used. Additional approaches include physical therapy, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery (e.g., joint replacement). A rheumatologist will tailor the treatment plan to each patient’s needs.

Question: What’s the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?

Answer: While both are joint diseases, RA is an autoimmune condition, and osteoarthritis (OA) results from wear and tear on the joints. RA can develop at any age and progresses rapidly, often affecting joints symmetrically and causing systemic symptoms like fatigue. OA typically occurs later in life, progresses more slowly, and usually affects joints asymmetrically, without systemic symptoms. RA involves significant joint inflammation, while OA is marked by cartilage breakdown and less inflammation. A rheumatologist can help determine which type of arthritis is present.

With over 20 years experience in the arthritis field, Dr. Yu is passionate and driven to help treat and educate her patients in their health journeys.